TrustZone technology is used to implement Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) in mobile devices. TEE is responsible for isolating and protecting the Trusted Computing Base (TCB) of the device. There are several TrustZone-based TEE solutions utilized in devices, among which Qualcomm Secure Execution Environment (QSEE) is the most well-known TEE utilized in many Android devices. Since the underlying QSEE is entailed to ensure the security of sensitive data on the user device, it is essential to analyze its vulnerability state; however, most of the prior work on QSEE targets older devices or firmware versions.
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